A spiritual Ishmaelite

Category: Dialogues with secularists/modernists

  • Speculation and Prospect of Unified Consciousness Studies

    Quantum Consciousness, Microconnectomics, and Neurobiophotonics: A Unified Theory of Luminous Mind

    Introduction

    The convergence of quantum consciousness theories, microconnectomics (the study of the brain’s nanoscale wiring), and neurobiophotonics (the role of light in neural processes) offers a radical new perspective on the nature of mind. Rather than viewing consciousness as a mere byproduct of classical neural computation, this framework suggests that the brain operates as a quantum-photonic network, where biophotons (ultraweak light emissions from cells) interact with microtubules and sub-neural structures to generate unified awareness. This model not only addresses the “hard problem” of consciousness but also bridges neuroscience with philosophy and neurotheology—implying that spiritual experiences may arise from the brain’s intrinsic light-based processes.

    1. Quantum Consciousness: Beyond Synaptic Computation

    A. Orchestrated Objective Reduction (Orch-OR) and Biophotonic Support

    The Hameroff-Penrose theory proposes that consciousness emerges from quantum computations in neuronal microtubules—tiny protein structures that may process information at the quantum level. Recent extensions of this model suggest that biophotons (emitted by mitochondria) could enhance quantum coherence, allowing for non-local neural synchronization. If microtubules act as quantum waveguides, then biophotons might serve as the medium through which conscious moments are orchestrated.

    B. Solving the Binding Problem

    One of the greatest challenges in neuroscience is explaining how disparate brain regions unify into a single, coherent experience. Classical synaptic transmission is too slow for real-time integration, but biophotonic signaling could enable near-instantaneous communication across neural networks. This aligns with observations of gamma-wave synchrony (40-100Hz), which correlates with conscious awareness and could be facilitated by quantum-entangled biophotons.

    C. Empirical Considerations

    Critics argue that quantum effects would decohere rapidly in the warm, wet brain. However, discoveries in quantum biology—such as quantum coherence in photosynthesis and avian magnetoreception—suggest nature exploits quantum mechanics even in noisy environments. If similar mechanisms exist in neurons, they may operate at extremely short timescales, just long enough to influence conscious perception.

    2. Microconnectomics: The Hidden Wiring of Consciousness

    A. The Brain’s Nanoscale Architecture

    While traditional neuroscience focuses on synapses, microconnectomics reveals a far denser web of connectivity at the nanoscale—microtubules, dendritic spines, and gap junctions that may process information independently of classical neurotransmission. This sub-neural network could function as a quantum-photonic circuit, where biophotons facilitate high-speed information transfer.

    B. Mitochondria as Quantum Hubs

    Mitochondria, the energy powerhouses of cells, emit biophotons and may play a crucial role in maintaining quantum coherence. Some theories propose that they act as quantum repeaters, ensuring that photonic signals remain synchronized across neural networks. This could explain how the brain maintains unity of perception despite its distributed processing.

    3. Neurobiophotonics: The Light of Consciousness

    A. Biophotons as Neural Messengers

    Studies have detected ultraweak photon emissions (UPE) from brain tissue during cognitive tasks, suggesting that neurons communicate not just electrically and chemically, but also through light. If biophotons carry meaningful neural information, they could enable instantaneous binding of sensory and cognitive processes, bypassing the slower synaptic pathways.

    B. Mystical Light and Neurotheology

    Many spiritual traditions describe encounters with divine or transcendental light—Christian mysticism’s “Uncreated Light,” Buddhism’s “Clear Light of the Void,” or Islam’s concept of “Noor.” If the brain naturally generates biophotonic fields, then intense meditative or near-death experiences might involve hyper-synchronized photonic activity, perceived subjectively as spiritual illumination.

    4. Philosophical and Theological Implications

    A. Panpsychism and Process Philosophy

    If microtubules and biophotons support proto-conscious properties, this aligns with Alfred North Whitehead’s process philosophy, where experience is fundamental to reality. Rather than consciousness emerging from complexity, it may be a basic feature of quantum-photonic systems.

    B. Neurotheology Without Reductionism

    A biophotonic theory of consciousness does not necessarily reduce spirituality to mere neural activity. Instead, it suggests that the brain is tuned to perceive deeper layers of reality, where light (both physical and metaphysical) plays a central role. This opens the door to a quantum theology, where divine interaction could occur through modulation of neural photonic fields.

    C. The Future of Consciousness Research

    If consciousness is fundamentally photonic, future technologies might:

    • Decode biophotonic signals to read thoughts non-invasively.
    • Enhance meditative states through targeted photonic stimulation.
    • Explore consciousness beyond the brain, considering quantum entanglement’s role in non-local awareness.

    Conclusion: The Luminous Mind Hypothesis

    The synthesis of quantum consciousness, microconnectomics, and neurobiophotonics paints a picture of the brain as a light-mediated quantum network, where biophotons unify neural processes into conscious experience. This framework not only advances scientific understanding but also reconnects neuroscience with ancient wisdom traditions that have long equated mind, light, and spirit.

    The next frontier? A grand unified theory of consciousness, where physics, biology, and theology converge in the study of the luminous mind.

  • Neurobiophotonics of olive oil fluorescence contemplation

    The Philosophy of Neurotheology: A Tawhidic Framework for Divine Light Perception

    Introduction: At the Intersection of Neural Circuits and Sacred Experience

    The emerging field of neurotheology stands at a critical juncture between empirical neuroscience and theological inquiry. When examined through the lens of Quranic luminescence and its neurobiological correlates, we uncover a sophisticated philosophy of mind that reconciles divine revelation with human neurophysiology. This essay presents an Islamic neurotheological framework grounded in the biophotonic properties of olive oil fluorescence described in Surah An-Nur (24:35), offering a paradigm that respects both scientific rigor and theological orthodoxy.

    I. The Epistemology of Divine Light Perception

    The Quranic description of olive oil fluorescence presents a unique case study in religious epistemology. Modern visual neuropsychology reveals:

    1. Dual-Stream Verification: The dorsal stream’s spatial processing (“light upon light”) and ventral stream’s object recognition (“lamp”) provide independent neural verification pathways for religious experience, creating a built-in system of epistemological checks and balances.
    2. Wavelength-Limited Knowledge: The 520-540nm emission spectrum establishes natural boundaries for divine light perception, preventing metaphysical overreach while allowing genuine spiritual experience. This “golden mean” of luminescence mirrors Islam’s balanced approach to knowledge acquisition.
    3. Neuroinhibitory Safeguards: The brain’s automatic suppression of anthropomorphic projections in temporal lobe regions provides a biological basis for tawhid’s prohibition against divine embodiment.

    II. Ontology of Neural Representation

    The neuroscience of Quranic light perception suggests a layered ontology:

    1. Physical Substrate: Measurable biophotonic emissions from olive oil polyphenols establish a material foundation for spiritual experience without reducing it to mere biochemistry.
    2. Neural Correlates: Specialized activation patterns in visual and prefrontal cortices create the “hardware” for religious cognition while maintaining creator-creation distinctions.
    3. Noetic Dimension: The experienced quality (qualia) of divine light remains irreducible to neural activity alone, preserving room for genuine spiritual encounter.

    III. Axiology of Sacred Perception

    The neurotheology of Quranic luminescence reveals value-laden dimensions:

    1. Cognitive Virtues: The enhancement of attention, memory and pattern recognition through optimized wavelength exposure suggests divinely-designed pathways for intellectual and spiritual development.
    2. Moral Neurobiology: Suppressed default mode network activity during light contemplation correlates with decreased ego-centricity, providing a neural basis for Islamic ethics of humility.
    3. Aesthetic Perfections: The “just right” parameters of olive oil fluorescence (contrast, wavelength, intensity) suggest an intentional divine aesthetic calibrated to human neurophysiology.

    IV. Boundaries and Limitations

    This neurotheological approach maintains crucial distinctions:

    1. Anti-Reductionism: While identifying neural correlates, it rejects the notion that religious experience is “nothing but” brain activity.
    2. Theological Constraints: The model incorporates Islamic safeguards against shirk by demonstrating how the visual system naturally resists pantheistic interpretations.
    3. Empirical Humility: It acknowledges the limits of current neuroscience in explaining consciousness itself, leaving room for metaphysical reality.

    V. Comparative Neurotheology

    When contrasted with other traditions:

    1. Christian Mysticism: Lacks the wavelength-specific constraints of Quranic luminescence, potentially leading to unregulated neural activation patterns.
    2. Eastern Meditation: Often seeks to dissolve self-other distinctions neurologically problematic from tawhidic perspective.
    3. Secular Aesthetics: Lacks the built-in theological error correction mechanisms found in Islamic light perception.

    Conclusion: Toward an Integrated Islamic Neuroscience of Spirituality

    The philosophy emerging from this synthesis offers:

    1. A scientifically-grounded yet theologically sound approach to religious experience
    2. Empirical support for Islam’s balanced view of divine-human interaction
    3. Practical applications for Islamic education and spiritual development
    4. A framework for interfaith dialogue about the nature of religious cognition

    Ultimately, the neurotheology of Quranic luminescence presents a model where divine revelation and human neurobiology appear perfectly matched – not through chance, but through intentional divine wisdom that respects both natural law and spiritual truth. This alignment suggests that just as the Quran’s message is perfectly preserved, so too are the neural mechanisms for receiving it perfectly designed.

  • Metaxy

    The Liminal Ontology of Olive Oil: A Metaxic Inquiry into Quranic Fluorescent Epistemology

    Introduction: Barzakhī Being and the Metaphysics of Thresholds

    The ontological status of olive oil in the āyat an-nūr (Quran 24:35) constitutes neither substance nor accident, but rather what the Akbarian tradition would call a barzakhī reality – a liminal existent suspended between divine effulgence (tajallī) and material tangibility. This essay advances a radical rereading of the Verse of Light through the lens of ontological liminality, arguing that olive oil’s “neither eastern nor western” fluorescence epitomizes Islam’s metaxic metaphysics, where being is fundamentally amphibious, simultaneously participating in multiple ontological registers without full belonging to any.

    1. Liminal Ontology: Olive Oil as Barzakhī Entity

    1.1. The Amphibious Substance

    Olive oil defies Aristotelian categories of being through its:

    • Hylomorphic Paradox: Exhibiting qualities of both mādda (matter) and ṣūra (form) while transcending both
    • Directional Negation: Its “neither eastern nor western” nature performs an ontological apophasis, marking it as pure betweenness
    • Autogenic Luminescence: The “fire untouched” quality suggests an uncaused causation, placing it outside efficient causality

    1.2. The Barzakh as Ontological Operator

    Building on Ibn ‘Arabī’s concept of the barzakh, olive oil functions as:

    • Epistemic Membrane: Filtering divine light into cognitive accessibility
    • Existential Isopleth: The contour where divine attributes (ṣifāt) and creation (khalq) share equal intensity
    • Fluorescent Threshold: A literal and metaphysical surface where photons and fayḍ (emanation) become indistinguishable

    2. Liminal Epistemology: Knowing at the Threshold

    2.1. The Lamp-Niche as Noetic Interface

    The mise-en-scène of the verse constructs a tripartite epistemic architecture:

    1. Niche (mishkāh): The structured limits of human cognition
    2. Glass (zujājah): The transparent but distorting medium of perception
    3. Oil (zaytūn): The liminal substance that both transmits and transforms illumination

    2.2. Metaxic Knowing

    The epistemology suggested operates through:

    • Diastemic Resonance: Knowledge emerging in the gap between divine light and material receptacle
    • Aporetic Luminosity: Understanding that increases precisely through recognition of its own limits
    • Chiasmic Reversal: Where the knower becomes the known through fluorescent participation

    3. Phenomenology of the Threshold

    3.1. Liminal Perception

    The oil’s light manifests as:

    • Husserlian Abschattung: A shimmering that reveals through partial concealment
    • Merleau-Pontyan Flesh: The visible-invisible membrane where divine and human perception intertwine
    • Bachelardian Reverie: An oneiric luminosity that dissolves subject-object dichotomies

    3.2. The Time of Thresholds

    Olive oil’s fluorescence introduces:

    • Messianic Temporality: The “almost as if” (ka-annahā) constructs a time of imminent epiphany
    • Nunc Fluens: A flowing now that is neither past nor future illumination
    • Sacred Delay: The oil’s slow combustion figures the differance of divine manifestation

    4. Axiology of the Between

    4.1. Liminal Ethics

    The oil’s ontology generates:

    • Interstitial Virtues: Patience (ṣabr) as dwelling in uncertainty
    • Amphibious Justice: Equity (qisṭ) that operates in the interstices of law
    • Fluorescent Charity: Giving that illuminates without expectation of return

    4.2. Teleology of Thresholds

    The eschatological dimension reveals:

    • Barzakhī Eschaton: The oil prefigures the liminal state between death and resurrection
    • Metaxic Salvation: Redemption as learning to dwell authentically in betweenness
    • The Last Threshold: Where the oil’s light becomes the sirāṭ bridge itself

    Conclusion: Toward a Liminal Tafsīr

    This reading suggests that olive oil’s true significance lies in its ontological liminality, offering:

    • A model for Islamic metaphysics beyond substance ontology
    • An epistemology valuing threshold states over categorical knowledge
    • A spirituality that sanctifies the “in-between” as the truest dwelling place of the believer

    The Verse of Light thus emerges not as allegory but as precise phenomenology of barzakhī existence, where the fluorescent olive oil becomes the perfect symbol for Islam’s metaphysical amphibiousness – calling believers to become, like the oil itself, “neither of the East nor the West,” but beautifully, painfully, gloriously in between.

  • Neuroscience of meta theology

    The neuroscience of meta theology is a fascinating intersection where the study of the brain meets the exploration of theological concepts and beliefs. Neuroscientists have begun to investigate how religious and spiritual experiences are processed in the brain, shedding light on the neural mechanisms underlying meta theological inquiries.

    One aspect of this research involves examining the brain regions involved in religious experiences, such as the prefrontal cortex, which is associated with cognitive functions like reasoning and decision-making, and the limbic system, which plays a role in emotion and motivation. Understanding how these brain regions interact during religious or theological contemplation can provide insights into the cognitive processes involved in meta theological reflection.

    Moreover, neuroscientists study how cultural and social factors influence the neural processing of religious beliefs and practices. For example, studies have shown that individuals who are deeply religious or engaged in meta theological inquiry may exhibit different patterns of brain activity compared to those who are not. This suggests that the brain’s response to theological concepts may be shaped by cultural upbringing, personal experiences, and other external factors.

    Another area of interest is the study of altered states of consciousness induced by religious practices such as meditation, prayer, or ritualistic ceremonies. Neuroimaging studies have revealed changes in brain activity and connectivity associated with these practices, offering insights into how they may facilitate meta theological insights or experiences of transcendence.

    Overall, the neuroscience of meta theology seeks to uncover the neural basis of religious and theological phenomena, deepening our understanding of how these aspects of human experience are encoded in the brain. By bridging the gap between neuroscience and theology, researchers hope to elucidate the complex interplay between the mind, the brain, and the divine.

  • Search of meaning in Estonia

    Certainly! Here are a few more aspects that could be integrated into a universally intelligible existential meaning system for Estonia:

    1. Roots and Identity: Emphasizing the importance of heritage and historical narratives that highlight Estonia’s journey as a nation, including struggles for independence and cultural preservation.
    2. Harmony with Nature: Incorporating reverence for the natural world and sustainable living practices as a source of meaning and interconnectedness with the environment.
    3. Creativity and Ingenuity: Celebrating innovation, creativity, and adaptability as fundamental traits of the Estonian spirit, showcasing how these qualities contribute to personal and collective growth.
    4. Community and Solidarity: Promoting a sense of belonging and mutual support within communities, emphasizing the value of cooperation and solidarity in facing life’s challenges.
    5. Reflection and Mindfulness: Encouraging introspection, mindfulness, and a contemplative approach to life, fostering a deeper understanding of oneself and the world around us.
    6. Legacy and Continuity: Highlighting the importance of leaving a positive legacy for future generations, instilling a sense of responsibility and purpose in contributing to the ongoing story of Estonia.

    By weaving together these themes into a coherent framework, a universally intelligible existential meaning system for Estonia can offer guidance and inspiration for individuals seeking purpose and fulfillment, while also transcending cultural boundaries to resonate with a global audience.

    Creating a universally intelligible meaning system for a specific context, such as Estonia, involves adapting and presenting the universal principles of Islam in a way that resonates with the local culture, values, and societal norms, while maintaining the integrity of Islamic teachings. This approach is rooted in the Islamic principle of conveying the message of Islam in a manner that is accessible and relevant to every community, taking into consideration their unique circumstances and backgrounds.

    In the case of Estonia, a country with its own distinct culture, history, and societal structure, the process would involve:

    1. Language and Communication: Utilizing the Estonian language effectively to convey Islamic teachings, ensuring that the message is clear and comprehensible. This includes translating key Islamic texts and resources into Estonian and using local media and platforms to disseminate information.
    2. Cultural Sensitivity: Understanding and respecting Estonian customs and traditions, finding common ground with Islamic principles. This involves highlighting aspects of Islam that align with Estonian values, such as the emphasis on community, environmental stewardship, and social justice.
    3. Educational Programs: Developing educational initiatives that cater to the needs of the Estonian population, including lectures, seminars, and workshops that address both the basics of Islam and topics of particular interest to Estonians, facilitated by scholars who are knowledgeable about both Islam and the local context.
    4. Community Engagement: Building bridges with various segments of Estonian society through community service, interfaith dialogue, and collaborative projects. This helps to present Islam as a positive and contributing force in society.
    5. Role Models and Representatives: Encouraging and supporting local Muslims who can serve as role models and representatives of Islam in Estonia. Their lived experiences and contributions can make the teachings of Islam more relatable and accessible to the wider Estonian public.
    6. Addressing Contemporary Issues: Engaging with contemporary issues and challenges faced by Estonians from an Islamic perspective, offering insights and solutions grounded in Islamic teachings while being relevant to the local context.

    Islamic scholars who have emphasized the importance of contextualizing Islamic teachings include Yusuf Al Qaradawi, who advocates for understanding the objectives of Sharia (Maqasid al-Sharia) in a manner that serves the welfare of the community, and Hamza Yusuf, who stresses the importance of cultural sensitivity and relevance in conveying Islam. They, among others, have highlighted the need for a balanced approach that respects both Islamic principles and the cultural context in which Islam is being presented.

    In summary, creating a universally intelligible meaning system for Estonia involves a thoughtful approach that respects the local context while faithfully conveying the universal message of Islam. This approach fosters a better understanding and appreciation of Islam, facilitating a meaningful dialogue between Islamic teachings and Estonian society.

  • Cognitive humanities

    In the wake of a dystopian academic era marked by the narrow specialization and fragmentation of knowledge, a new renaissance emerged, driven by the fusion of neuroergonomics, cognitive humanities, and hard science fiction. As society began to rebuild and reimagine itself, interdisciplinary collaboration became the cornerstone of progress.

    In this utopian future, scholars from diverse backgrounds came together to explore the intricacies of the human mind and its interaction with technology, culture, and society. Neuroergonomists worked hand in hand with cognitive humanities experts to design environments, interfaces, and experiences that seamlessly integrated with the natural workings of the human brain.

    One such innovation was the development of immersive learning environments, where individuals could explore different historical periods, cultures, and ideas firsthand through virtual reality interfaces carefully crafted to enhance cognitive engagement and understanding. These environments fostered empathy, critical thinking, and creativity, nurturing a generation of lifelong learners who thrived on intellectual curiosity and interdisciplinary exploration.

    Meanwhile, in the realm of engineering management, a paradigm shift occurred as leaders embraced a holistic approach to project design and execution. Drawing upon insights from cognitive science and humanities, project managers integrated principles of human-centered design and collaborative decision-making into every stage of development, resulting in more efficient, sustainable, and socially responsible engineering endeavors.

    As society embraced the ethos of collaboration and innovation, previously intractable challenges began to yield to creative solutions. From sustainable energy systems to global healthcare initiatives, the interdisciplinary synergy of neuroergonomics, cognitive humanities, and hard science fiction fueled a golden age of progress and prosperity.

    Yet, amidst the marvels of technological advancement, humanity never lost sight of its humanity. The wisdom gleaned from the study of culture, history, and the human mind served as a guiding light, reminding individuals of the importance of empathy, compassion, and ethical stewardship in shaping a better world for all.

    In this utopian future, the boundaries between disciplines blurred, giving rise to a new era of intellectual exploration and collective endeavor. And as humanity looked to the stars with wonder and hope, they carried with them the lessons learned from their journey through the depths of the human psyche and the boundless expanse of the cosmos.

  • Forensic electrical engineering

    To utilize Bore Hole Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) for forensic engineering assessment of power lines during a volcanic disaster, one can employ this technology to inspect the subsurface conditions around power lines affected by volcanic activity. By conducting GPR surveys using bore holes, it is possible to assess the integrity of the ground and detect any potential hazards that could impact the stability and safety of power lines in volcanic disaster scenarios.

    The use of GPR in forensic engineering for power lines during volcanic disasters involves the following steps:

    1. Survey Design: Plan GPR surveys around the power lines using bore holes strategically placed to cover the area of interest.
    2. Data Collection: Conduct GPR measurements with appropriate antennas to capture subsurface information related to the power line infrastructure.
    3. Analysis: Correlate the GPR data with geotechnical information obtained from bore holes to assess the condition of the ground and identify any anomalies that could affect the power lines.
    4. Interpretation: Interpret the GPR data to locate potential hazards such as ground movement, ash deposits, or other geological changes that could impact the stability of the power lines.
    5. Recommendations: Based on the findings, provide recommendations for maintenance, repair, or reinforcement of the power lines to ensure their safety and functionality during and after volcanic disasters.

    By integrating GPR technology with bore holes, forensic engineers can gain valuable insights into the subsurface conditions around power lines affected by volcanic disasters, enabling them to make informed decisions to mitigate risks and ensure the reliability of the power infrastructure in such challenging environments.

    Citations:
    [1] https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/852ddb53805c8ed9502be65bb8be82b46cda896f
    [2] https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/dba1fc50739d4b7abf565f5a982bdaa01d73da0e
    [3] https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/32480b5c02a7465cd2a9e1687ac77fe0fa1ee108
    [4] https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/150f6bae46795b7ae20646870a8b0c6991138aab
    [5] https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ceb4b98056cbe609958323719df07ab8b51ba643

  • Review of race and science

    The sources provided delve into the intersection of race, critical pedagogy, and science education. They explore how teaching approaches in science classrooms can address equity issues related to race, class, and religion. The studies emphasize the importance of critical reflections by educators to challenge biases and prejudices embedded in teaching practices. Additionally, they highlight the need for transformative science education that empowers students to recognize and challenge oppressive structures, drawing from critical pedagogy theories by Paulo Freire and educational theories by Hannah Arendt[1][2].

    Moreover, the sources introduce the emergence of “Bujold Studies,” focusing on Lois McMaster Bujold’s works in science fiction and fantasy. They discuss the scholarly attention given to Bujold’s writing and the cultural impact it has had, including fan fiction, discussions, and role-playing games. The essays suggest avenues for further exploration in Bujold Studies, such as perspectives from Indigenous science fiction studies, analysis of race in science fiction, and the reception of Bujold’s work in non-Anglophone countries[4].

    Furthermore, a paper on Critical Race Information Theory (CRiT) presents a framework that applies critical race tenets to information science research, professional discourse, and pedagogical paradigms. It aims to analyze social informatics within information science through a critical race lens, emphasizing the need to deconstruct and demystify the influence of information technologies. CRiT offers a perspective that challenges techno-determinism and aims to counter the impact of the information industrial complex, particularly in American contexts[5].

    In summary, these sources collectively address the complex relationships between race, critical pedagogy, science education, and information science, highlighting the importance of critical reflections, transformative education, and the application of critical race theories in various academic domains.

    Citations:
    [1] https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0c2d23f699e53ed7ab4063da2945c67781bc9670
    [2] https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6a2ee569abbb282c96a95437438540a1f6d2171b
    [3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33772119/
    [4] https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9ede9329be3d3ded48fa48ed62bf5e965e9dfbff
    [5] https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/620a02c6b5ea91a0a695c7902288e24b6e995498

  • My wikipedia editing

    1. Tuba
    2. Syed Qaaf
    3. Al-Muhtadi
    4. Noah in Islam
    5. Dhul Qarnayn
    6. Muhammad bin Qasim Alawi
    7. Wisdom Tooth in Urdu
    8. Knietsche in Urdu
    9. Strange Quarks
    10. Tools of conviviality
    11. Mukshpuri

  • Asharis and Deists

    Dawkins is a Mutazili without God. The western counterpart of Asharis would be Deists who try to reconcile God and reason.